How To Print a 2D Array Elements?

Problem Statement

You are given a m x n integer matrix matrix. Print all the elements in order.

Example#1:

Input: A = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};

Output: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Example#2:

Input: A = {{10, 9, 4}, {34, 0, 1}, {9, 8, 9}};

Output: 10, 9, 4, 34, 0, 1, 9, 8, 9

Illustration

In order to print the elements in a specific order, we must follow this traversal

Intuition

This is an example problem that is too easy. There are different ways to solve this problem.

1. Traditional for-loop.
2. Using deepToString method.
3. Using 1D arrays

Traditional for-loop

We use two for-loops to loop through each row and column.

Code

public class PrintElements {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int[][] grid = {
      {1, 2, 3},
      {4, 5, 6},
      {7, 8, 9}
    };

    usingForLoop(grid);
  }

  private static void usingForLoop(int[][] grid) {

    int N = grid.length; // rows
    int M = grid[0].length; // columns

    for (int row = 0; row < N; row += 1) {
      for (int col = 0; col < M; col += 1) {
        System.out.println(grid[row][col]);
      }
    }
  }
}

Another simple way to achieve this without N and M variables are:

for (int row=0; row < grid.length; row++)
{
    for (int col=0; col < grid[row].length; col++)
    {
        int value = grid[row][col];
        // Do stuff
    }
}

Explanation

As you have seen in the illustration, there are N rows and M columns.

N rows and M columns can be found using the following:

1. When N == M, we can say N = M = grid.length.
2. When N != M, which means the number of rows and columns is not equal. In this case, we find N using grid.length and M columns using grid[0].length.

So, for each row & column, we need to find the corresponding element using grid[row][col].

Complexity analysis

Time complexity: O(N x M)

We need to traverse through all the elements in each row and column. This is directly proportional to N times M.

If N == M, then we have a O(N^2) complexity.

Space complexity - O(1) - No algorithmic memory is used here. We just used the input A[][] memory, hence Constant time.

Using deepToString method

This comes with Java API and is part of java.util package.

import java.util.Arrays;

public class PrintElements {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int[][] grid = {
      {1, 2, 3},
      {4, 5, 6},
      {7, 8, 9}
    };

    usingDeepToString(grid);
  }

  public static void usingDeepToString(int[][] grid) {
    System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(grid));
  }
}

Above code time and space, complexity is the same, the deepToString method from Java API does the same as the traditional loop.

Using 1D arrays

This is a rather straightforward approach using a for-each loop.

import java.util.Arrays;

public class PrintElements {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int[][] grid = {
      {1, 2, 3},
      {4, 5, 6},
      {7, 8, 9}
    };
    
    forEachLoop(grid);
  }

  public static void forEachLoop(int[][] grid) {
    // Note the different use of "row" as a variable name! This
    // is the *whole* row, not the row *number*.
    for (int[] row : grid) {
      for (int value : row) {
        System.out.println(value);
      }
    }
  }
}

All of these above are merely examples of how to iterate a 2D array.